In endemic areas, the insect vector control and vaccination is considering appropriate measures if applied properly and the used vaccine is completely safe and the vaccination. Nov 10, 2017 rift valley fever rvf virus is a bunyavirus that was first isolated from sheep in kenya in 1930. Rift valley fever rvf is a peracute or acute, mosquitoborne, zoonotic disease of domestic and wild ruminants in africa, madagascar, and the arabian peninsula. Rvf not only affects the economic and food security of smallholder farmers in africa, it also poses a serious public health risk. For the purpose of the terrestrial code, rvf is defined as an infection of ruminants with rift valley fever virus rvfv. Spreading via arthropods, symptoms in humans include fever, headache and liver abnormalities. Rift valley fever is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease of domestic ruminants. Rift valley fever virus uses host proteins in replication. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by the rift valley fever virus rvfv, which belongs. Rift valley fever outbreak, southern mauritania, 2012. In humans, clinical signs of rift valley fever are influenzalike, and include fever, headache, muscular pain, weakness, nausea, epigastric pain. Rift valley fever virus rvfv belongs to the genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae, and the genome is comprised of tripartite negativestranded rna consisting of the s, m, and l segments. The rift valley fever rvf virus, an rna virus in the genus phlebovirus family bunyaviridae, is found throughout most of africa and is endemic in southern and eastern africa, where outbreaks.
Rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula. Rift valley fever rvf is considered a disease of special concern around the world. This disease causes abortions in pregnant animals, and it has a high mortality rate in newborn animals. The rvf virus is endemic mainly in subsaharan africa. Caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes, rvf has devastating impacts. Rift valley fever virus mp12 vaccine is fully attenuated. Large outbreaks occur at irregular intervals when heavy rains favor breeding of mosquito vectors of the virus and are characterized by deaths of. Rift valley fever is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease that affects both ruminants and humans. Rift valley fever virus article about rift valley fever. Rift valley fever rvf is one of the most serious transboundary animal diseases. Rift valley fever virus an overview sciencedirect topics. It is inactivated by lipid solvents, detergents and low ph. The ideal rvf vaccine would confer protection after a single dose.
Infected animals transmit the disease to others by means of aborted foetuses. The disease is caused by rift valley fever virus rvfv, of the family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever is a notifiable disease and should be reported. Turmeric stopped potentially deadly rift valley fever. Rift valley fever virus synonyms, rift valley fever virus. If you want to learn all about the symptoms, treatments, and vaccine for rift. Rift valley fever rvf in humans is characterized by a mild, acute, febrile illness with spontaneous recovery, although 1%2% of cases may evolve to more severe disease, such as acute hepatitis, encephalitis, retinitis, or a. Rift valley fever virus is a devastating pathogen of livestock and humans. Rift valley fever virus rvfv, which belongs to the family bunyaviridae, genus phlebovirus, is a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes, and the causative agent for rift valley fever rvf. To date, no humantohuman transmission of rvf virus has been documented. Molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus volume. Rvfv is the causative agent of rift valley fever rvf, a zoonotic. Rift valley fever affects humans as well as animals.
It can cause abortions in pregnant animals and a high mortality in young animals. Rift valley fever rvf is a peracute or acute zoonotic disease of ruminants caused by the mosquitoborne rvf virus rvfv, which belongs to the genus phlebovirus within the family bunyaviridae. Mosquitoborne rift valley fever virus rvf is an acute, fever causing virus that affects. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral disease that can cause mild to severe symptoms. Mp12 strain, a liveattenuated candidate vaccine, is attenuated in the m and lsegments, but the ssegment retains the virulent phenotype. Although the rvf virus natural infectious cycle has been linked to the aedes. Rift valley fever rvf is a mosquitoborne zoonotic disease endemic to subsaharan africa 1, 2.
Interactions hostvirus interaction ecology and disease geography rvfv. The capacity of rift valley fever virus rvfv to cause large and severe outbreaks in animal and human populations and to cross significant natural geographic barriers, as exemplified by the virus spread over the indian ocean, sahara desert, and the red sea in the past three decades, is of great concern for veterinary and public health. Rift valley fever rvf florida department of health. As our channel brand, vwr offers an integrated, seamless purchasing experience that is optimized for the way our. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates of mortality and abortion. The cause of this outbreak was the rift valley fever virus. Definition rift valley fever rvf is an arthropodborne viral disease affecting wide variety of mammals.
Rift valley fever rvf virus is an arbovirus in the bunyaviridae family that, from phylogenetic analysis, appears to have first emerged in the mid19th century and was only identified at the. The company operates in more than 30 countries and delivers an extensive portfolio of products and services. Rvf is an acute mosquitoborne viral disease mainly affecting ruminant animals and humans. Turmeric stopped potentially deadly rift valley fever virus from multiplying in infected cells. Rift valley fever virus ecology this infographic describes rift valley fever rvf virus ecology and how rvf infects livestock and humans. Feb 27, 2003 rift valley fever rvf virus vaccine strain mp12 effective 272003 the mp12 attenuated strain of rvf virus was obtained by 12 serial passages of a virulent isolate zh548 in the presence of 5fluorouracil. Rift valley fever virus is a segmented, enveloped, singlestranded rna virus in the genus phlebovirus, family bunyaviridae.
It is characterized by a threesegmented genome of negativeambisense strand rna in viral nucleocaspid protein and enveloped by a lipid bilayer containing two viral glycoproteins, gn and gc like all members of the virus family 5. Molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus volume 17. Rift valley fever rvf is a viral zoonosis that primarily affects animals but can also infect humans. In humans, clinical signs of rift valley fever are influenzalike, and include fever, headache, muscular pain, weakness, nausea, epigastric pain, and photophobia. The disease classified as an oie list a disease a080 3. Development of 2 multivalent rvf vaccines for improved. It is an enveloped virus containing a capsid and singlestranded rna genome. Even in regions where the rvf virus is always present, outbreaks do not necessarily occur. Large outbreaks of clinical disease are usually associated with heavy rainfall and localized flooding. Increased rainfall increases mosquito numbers and is associated with outbreaks. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans.
Sheep and cattle are the primary hosts and the amplifiers of this virus. Furthermore, this disease poses a serious threat to animal and human health in regions worldwide, making it a. Nipah and rift valley fever the who recently named both these zoonotic diseases as some of the most dangerous emerging pathogens likely. In addition to the bites of mosquitoes, humans can be infected by contact with blood or body fluids from infected animals which may occur during slaughtering of animals or handling of aborted foetuses and animal tissues. Mosquitos, most commonly aedes, are a reservoir and vector for rvf virus able to live with the virus and pass on to offspring, virus remains viable in eggs. Human infections can result from mosquito bites as well as direct or indirect contact with the blood or organs of infected animals care or slaughter of infected animals and possibly from. This disease is caused by a mosquitoborne virus of the family bunyaviridae and genus phlebovirus. Several years can separate outbreaks, with no evidence of disease in the interim.
Transmission zoonosis, arthropod bite vaccine rift valley fever virus antiviral drugs experimental. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes. Observations on rift valley fever virus and vaccines in. Transmission of rift valley fever virus from europeanbreed. Rvfv is an arbovirus that can be transmitted directly between vertebrates during the manipulation of infected tissues, and between mosquitoes by vertical transmission and indirectly from one vertebrate to another by mosquitoborne transmission 3, 4. Here we highlight 10 key gaps in our understanding of this significant health threat. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a zoonotic arbovirus which belongs to the genus phlebovirus within the family bunyaviride.
Large outbreaks occur at irregular intervals when heavy rains favor breeding of mosquito vectors of the virus and are characterized by deaths of newborn animals and abortion in pregnant sheep. The disease is caused by the rift valley fever virus rvfv of the family bunyaviridae and the genus phlebovirus. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a vectorborne disease of sheep, cattle and goats which humans are susceptible to. The disease is currently confined to africa and the arabian peninsula, but globalization and climate change may facilitate introductions of the virus into currently unaffected areas via infected animals or mosquitoes. Rvf is characterized by a high rate of abortion and fetal malformation in pregnant ruminants, febrile illness in adult ruminants, and lethal acute.
Dec 09, 2019 nipah and rift valley fever the who recently named both these zoonotic diseases as some of the most dangerous emerging pathogens likely to cause severe outbreaks with a fatality rate as high as 75%. Rvf is currently prevalent in africa and the arabian peninsula, and causes substantial economic losses. Rift valley fever fact sheet pennsylvania department of. Rift valley fever rvf virus vaccine strain mp12 effective 272003 the mp12 attenuated strain of rvf virus was obtained by 12 serial passages of a virulent isolate zh548 in the presence of 5fluorouracil. Host virus interaction inhibition of host transcription initiation. Molecular epidemiology of rift valley fever virus ncbi. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a phlebovirus of the bunyaviridae family. The spread of rvf has serious economic consequences in africa. Overview of rift valley fever generalized conditions.
Rift valley fever in sheep and goats farmers weekly. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fevercausing disease caused by rvf virus, a bunyavirus that is transmitted via mosquitoes to domestic livestock. Virus neutralisation microneutralisation, plaque reduction neutralisation. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes during summer after heavy rainfall and persistent flooding. Countries reporting endemic disease and substantial outbreaks of rvf. Rvf is an acute or peracute disease of wild and domestic ruminants and. Development and characterization of rift valley fever virus. Rift valley fever rvf is caused by a phlebovirus family bunyaviridae. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is highly contagious to humans producing fever, and flulike symptoms visual disturbances during the infection can be a clue to the diagnosis of rvf.
Introduction to rift valley fever world health organization. It can be transmitted to humans and livestock by many routes such as aerosols and direct contact with blood and fluids of infected animals 1. It is a three stranded rna virus and requires a mosquito vector. Characterization of rift valley fever virus mp12 strain. Development and characterization of rift valley fever. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a mosquitoborne bunyavirus of the genus phlebovirus that is highly pathogenic to ruminants and humans. Rift valley fever definition of rift valley fever by. Rift valley fever virus nss protein functions and the. Rift valley fever is a potentially fatal disease affecting both humans and domestic animals. May 06, 2011 rift valley fever rvf is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in subsaharan african countries and the arabian peninsula.
Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fevercausing viral disease most commonly observed in domesticated animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, and camels, with the ability to infect and cause illness in humans. Since it was discovered in 1930, rvf virus has caused multiple outbreaks in africa and the middle east. The virus is very stable at temperatures from 60 to 23oc and at 50 to 85% relative humidity. The human beings are highly susceptible to the disease. This is an important diagnostic tool because liver or other tissue placed in neutral buffered. Alignment analysis software as implemented in bioedit version 7. The recombinant rvf viruses, generated using a plasmidbased reverse genetics system, can be used as vaccines to prevent rvf infection in livestock and humans. Extraction was performed by using a qiaamp viral rna kit qiagen. Dec 12, 2011 rift valley fever virus rvfv, genus phlebovirus and family bunyaviridae, was isolated from infected sheep in 1930 1, 2.
Links with this icon indicate that you are leaving the cdc website the centers for disease control and prevention cdc cannot attest to the accuracy of a nonfederal website. For the purpose of the terrestrial code, rvf is defined as. The virus can cause severe disease in both animals and humans. Through the cullin 1skp1fbox e3 ligase complex, the nss protein promotes the degradation of at least two host proteins, the tfiih p62 and the pkr proteins. It has a wide variety of hosts but severe disease is seen most commonly in ruminants, especially sheep and goats, where it can present as an abortion storm, death of neonates, and hepatic disease. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute, fever causing disease caused by rvf virus, a bunyavirus that is transmitted via mosquitoes to domestic livestock.
Rift valley fever rvf is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in africa and the. However, the epidemiology of rift valley importance rift valley fever rvf is a zoonotic viral disease that can affect a variety of species, including ruminants and camels, causing high mortality in young animals andor abortions in adults. The nonstructural ns protein, which is a major virulence factor for rift valley fever virus rvfv, is encoded on the ssegment. The disease is caused by rvf virus rvfv, a member of the genus phlebovirus in the family bunyaviridae. Atlanta, ga 30333, usa 800cdcinfo 8002324636 contact cdcinfo. Historically, outbreaks of rift valley fever have occurred at 1015year intervals in normally dry areas of africa subsequent to a period of heavy rainfall. The rift valley fever virus nss protein instead plays a role in the inhibition of the host transcription initiation by acting on host tfiih. Rift valley fever epizootics and epidemics can rap. Rvfv belongs to the bunyaviridae family within the genus phlebovirus.
Rift valley fever is a viral infection that is most common in domesticated animals but can also affect humans as well. This model, being built with opensource software and with an. Contact information centers for disease control and prevention 1600 clifton rd. The pathogenesis of rift valley fever pubmed central pmc. Observations on rift valley fever virus and vaccines in egypt. Rift valley fever virus rvfv, the cause of rift valley fever rvf, is a zoonosis. Linking to a nonfederal website does not constitute an endorsement by cdc or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. In areas of endemicity, rvfv is considered to be maintained by transovarial transmission. Nipah and rift valley fever mnn mother nature network. The afhscdivision of geis operations predictive surveillance program. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in africa and the arabian. Other information usda permit required, doc permit required, hepa filtration, usda restricted, usda high consequence agent, vaccination recommended.
The introduction of rift valley fever rvf virus rvfv is the most significant arthropodborne animal disease threat to u. Rift valley fever virus rvfv is a mosquitoborne virus of the genus. Transmission of rift valley fever virus from european. Novel rift valley fever virus vaccines this invention relates to recombinant rift valley fever rvf viruses containing deletions in one or more virulence genes. Armed forces health surveillance branch mosquitoborne illnesses. This form of vaccine elicited protection against sheep pox and rvfv as. Rift valley fever vaccine virus clone is able to cross. The story of the rift valley fever virus vaccine one. Egypt, the gambia, kenya, madagascar, mauritania, mozambique. It is endemic in large parts of africa, with outbreaks occurring in three to fiveyear cycles. The virus is a complex and classic example of the multifaceted intersection of human and animal health and vector ecology that. New research programs that focus on prediction of outbreaks, transmission factors. Rift valley fever rvf is an acute disease of domestic ruminants in africa and the arabian peninsula.
Rift valley fever rvf virus is a negativesense, trisegmented rna virus of. A number of challenges exist for the control and prevention of rvf in the areas of vaccines, diagnostics, epidemiology, and entomology. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates. Rvf can also be spread by needles during vaccination. Bunyaviridae, is an arbovirus which causes significant morbidity and mortality in animals and humans. Synonyms for rift valley fever virus in free thesaurus. Rift valley fever virus rvfv has a negativesense, singlestranded rna genome. Rvfv was introduced for the first time in egypt in 1977. Sals basis results of sals surveys and information from the catalogue. Rift valley fever rvf virus is a bunyavirus that was first isolated from sheep in kenya in 1930.